Spreadsheet and Monthly Worksheets Free Essays

NEW PERSPECTIVES EXCEL 2010 TUTORIAL 6: ASSIGNMENT WINTER CREEK APARTMENTS PROJECT OVERVIEW W inter Creek Apartments manages large apartment complexes in four cities in the Midwest: Kansas City, Des Moines, Omaha, and St. Louis. At the corporate level, Gordon Rockwell uses Excel to summarize monthly maintenance expenses submitted by each complex manager. We will write a custom essay sample on Spreadsheet and Monthly Worksheets or any similar topic only for you Order Now He asks you to total the maintenance costs of each apartment complex’ for each month, and then format each worksheet. Gordon also needs you to add another worksheet to calculate summary costs for each city and maintenance category. STUDENT START FILE Download Excel_T6_Data_File. xlsx from Moodle. Instructions 1. Open the file Excel_T6_Data_File. xlsx and save the file as T6_LastName_FirstName. xlsx before you move to the next step. Enter your name in cell B4 of the Documentation sheet. 2. Group the three monthly worksheets. For each month, calculate the maintenance category totals in the range B9:F9 and calculate the apartment complex totals in the range G5:G8. In cell G9, enter a grand total that adds up the amounts in range G5:G8. 3. Improve the look of the monthly worksheets by formatting the ranges A4:G4 and A8:G8 to have a bottom border. Format the range B5:G9 to Accounting Number Format, and then Decrease Decimal so no decimal places are shown. Ungroup the worksheets. 4. Make a copy of one of the quarterly worksheets, rename the new worksheet as Summary, and then position the Summary sheet between the Documentation and Jan worksheets. 5. In the Summary worksheet, in the range B5:F8, delete the existing values and insert formulas that add the sales in the corresponding cells of the three monthly worksheets. Use 3-D references in the formulas. (Hint: Reapply the bottom border to cells B8:G8 if needed. ) 6. Set up the Summary and three monthly worksheets for printing. Each worksheet should: a) be centered horizontally, b) fit on one page, c) display the name of the worksheet centered in the header, d) and contain a custom footer that displays Winter Creek Apartments and the date on separate lines in the right section of the footer. Save your changes, close the workbooks and exit Excel. Submit your completed assignment on Moodle. 1 How to cite Spreadsheet and Monthly Worksheets, Essay examples

Oh, for a muse of ice! Essay Example For Students

Oh, for a muse of ice! Essay Oscar Wildes famous pronouncement that life imitates art far more than art imitates life was never better exemplified than last month when details of the Nancy Kerrigan assault case began to be known. Initial reports of the attack by a masked man with a club impressed listeners as merely another instance of the endemic violence of American life. As arrests were made, however, a tidy melodrama emerged: glamor and rivalry in ice skating circles, deluded misfit plotters, potential corporate sponsors waiting in the wings. The nation followed the unfolding revelations with a rapture usually reserved for the Superbowl in progress. From the moment the police shifted their attention to Portland, Ore., fief of Kerrigans principal competitor, Tonya Harding, the attack in Detroit took on the familiar aspect of sordid intrigue. Journalists and the public latched on to it like soap opera addicts. Many said it was fact triumphing over fiction, or worthy of the movies. Which leads one to wonder: If the Kerrigan case were a play, what would it have to offer? A Manichaean world view in which nice figure skaters wear Plae sequins and mean ones wear dark, in which supporting roles are shamelessly type-cast. Then theres the dialogue. Tonya Harding commenting on the attack: Nobody wanted to beat her worse than me. Add to this the hare-brained story of how the plot unraveled: the bodyguard unburdens himself to a 24-year-old minister who, insensitive to the secrets of confession, runs to tell a private eye. The minister and the private eye then go to the FBI together. Wheres the big confrontation? Wheres the blackmail? Wheres the poetry? That so trite and artless a tale is immediately likened to a work of dramatic fiction should be felt as a stinging rebuke by those who create theatre. Presented as kitchen-sink realism, it wouldnt play for a moment; as Grand Guignol it would be hooted off the stage. The best bet would be to play it as social satire and hope the audience laughs. If Wilde was right and life does indeed imitate art, one of our national priorities should be to find out why life is imitating art of such execrable quality. Art can inform every aspect of national life, including crime, but hooligans today have no contact with art. Nobody raised on Chekhov, Pinter and Shepard could plan or execute anything as depraved as the Kerrigan assaultaesthetically depraved, that is. This is the sort of crime committed by people who wallow in irreality, people who cant distinguish an episode of Mission Impossible from a PBS documentary. There is no better gauge of any nations popular imagination that the quality of its crimes. No wonder the Europeans are laughing at us. The current world champion figure skater, Surya Bonaly of France, snickered, I dont want to comment from such a distance. It certainly seems bizarre. The New York Times also quoted a British skating coach saying, It does seem to be the kind of strange story that one occasionally gets out of America. Look at the nations police blotters and try to find crimes worthy of Marlowes Tamburlaine or de Mussets Lorenzaccio. There arent any. DeQuincy considered murder an art form in itself; for Baudelaire and his admirers, including Genet, a life of crime did not exclude a sense of aesthetics. When Thomas Wainwright, the literary forger and assassin, was reproached for the murder of a woman, he replied, Yes, it was a dreadful thing to do, but she had very thick ankles. Great theatre and great crimes have always gone hand-in-hand. Is it any accident that the Earl of Essex prepared for his act of treason by commissioning a performance at the Globe? That the Marquis de Sade had seen all of Beaumarchaiss comedies? That Lincoln was shot by an actor? These were criminals of vision and daring, criminals who struck at the soul and conscience of the nation, not the kneecaps of its figure skaters. .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 , .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .postImageUrl , .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 , .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146:hover , .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146:visited , .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146:active { border:0!important; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146:active , .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146 .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u66ac66b703091fc4e2fadb151b03c146:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rene Moreno: the actor that is EssayInstead of Shakespeare and Shaw, Americas criminals have grown up on Charles Bronson and Charlies Angels. The result is all too clear: When the representation of life is reduced to pablum and tripe, life itself responds in kind. A downward spiral begins which leads to convicted felons negotiating the movie rights to abominable crimes that owe much of their original inception to abominable movies. The only thing art has to teach is style, and style is at the heart of everything. Theatre doesnt make people moral; it tells stories. If the stories are well done, they allow the audience to imagine styles they do not currently command. Charity, discovery and enlightened public policy rely on a sense of style and so, ineluctably, does crime. Of necessity then, theatre and its allied arts refine and strengthen every aspect of the imaginative life of the country, from best to worst.

Role of the Press in Civil Rights

Statistics for the Behavioral Social Sciences

Statistics for the Behavioral Social Sciences Parental involvement in their children education Introduction Researchers have carried out various researches regarding parental involvement in education of their children, with many reports implying that increased levels of parental participation in the child’s education can improve the student’s academic achievements.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Statistics for the Behavioral Social Sciences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, children are mainly educated by their parents and teachers throughout their lives. Parents play a very important role in education, by partnering with teachers and students to enhance running of the education systems effectively. In order to assist the parents to become aware of the effectiveness of their partnering in education, teachers should involve dialogue with the parents early enough to discuss about the parents’ hopes and aspirations for thei r child. Their understanding of the child needs and their suggestions about the ways that the teachers can help allow the teachers to be able to highlight their limitations and invite parents to participate in their child’s education in definite ways (Nieto, 1996). For the child to perform well academically, it requires substantial support from parents. Parents involvement in education of a child takes several ways including â€Å"good parenting, provision of a secure and stable environment, intellectual stimulation, parent-child discussion, good models of constructive social and educational values and high aspiration relating to personal fulfillment and participation in the school events, work and governance† (Desforges Abouchaar, 2003. P.5). Therefore, the parents involvement normally touches on the school life and the individual assistance offered to the child at home and at school. Parents and the school are very vital in the roles they play in the childrenâ€℠¢s education and their impact can be greater through partnering in their duties, since there is no clear line to show where the parents’ input stops and the teachers’ input begins in children education (UK Department for Education and Skills, 2003). Statement of the Problem What are the impacts of parental involvement on the educational progress of the children? For many researchers and educational experts, increased parental involvement in children education is always associated with positive students’ achievements; however, others disagree about what really makes the involvements to influence the students’ performance positively. For the antagonists, they believe that studies to justify increased parental involvement lack scientific rigor, are mainly based on assumptions, the positions they support are not tenable, and many programs and policies supporting parental involvement are explicitly based on the evidence that does not exist. In addition, they m ay lead to ambiguity in regards to what parental involvement programs and policies actually are able to accomplish (Educationalliance, 2010). Based on the above situation, this paper will review researches to check the impact of parent involvement at home and at school in their children schooling.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature review Parental involvement programs are mostly crafted to be composed of several means of training and participations for parents to work with schools and teachers. Parent involvement normally begins with contacts (phone calls, visits) in which the teachers update parents on the student progress and seek parents assistance. The second stage of parent participation involves home learning activities. Parents largely use the following methods to aid students’ learning. First, â€Å"reading activities in which parents listen, correct, and praise their children’s reading; secondly, teacher advised discussions about television programs that parents and children watch together; and instructional techniques designed for parents to help with homework† (Moles, 1982, P.45). Many of the surveys conducted in this area have indicated that both parents and teachers support increased parent involvement in their children education. Although parent involvement is widely favored, it is faced by some challenges including: first, teachers’ and parents’ conflicting family commitments and time constraints. Others include parents’ and schools’ conflicting perception of learning priorities, teacher’ low expectations of parents’ efforts, parents’ inability to handle their students’ family problems, and finally, a history of negative communications between the home and school (Moles, 1982, P.45). Parent’s involvement in their children’s educati on has always received much support with schools, teachers, and institutional systems coming up with programs and patterns for encouraging parents’ involvement in the education of their children. After reviewing research findings, it was concluded that â€Å"a joint and well organized effort by parents and teachers is very important to handling more successfully the problems of discipline, motivation, and the development of good work habits at home and in school by working with parents† (Gallup, 1978). Parent participation on students achievement is much encouraged at preschool. According to Bronfenbrenner (1974), having reviewed several of early intervention programs, it was concluded that the active involvement of family is very vital to the success of the programs, and it strengthens and helps to maintain the effects of school parent involvement programs. Sometimes, there are mixed reactions to parent involvement in education, with schools and teachers tending to su pport some parental participation well, and at the same time not being contented with other parental participation. According to Williams (1981), after analyzing â€Å"the evaluation of a variety of parent involvement by elementary teachers in a six state regional survey, it was concluded that the teachers were not very supportive about parent participation in curriculum development, instruction, or school governance.†Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Statistics for the Behavioral Social Sciences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ideally, parent support was justified and at the same time enhanced through teachers’ assistance despite limitation of opportunities by schools for both to co-work effectively. In a similar study conducted on the same setup of the principals, Williams (1981) observed that principals valued parent involvement in children’s home learning for several reasons: it ai ds schools by strengthening school learning, and is within parents’ capabilities; but they also felt that parents lack adequate training to prepare them for an active role in children’s home learning. Studies have been conducted to assess how poorly educated and low- income parents are affected in their parental involvement. Due to challenges faced by these parents, some schools have developed programs to aid them in assisting their children schooling. For example, â€Å"the Parent Plus program in Chicago brings such parents into the school one day a week to learn how they can help at home with current school work and expand their homemaking and community-related skills† (Moles, 1982, P.46). Further, to understand the impact of parents’ involvement at school and in the home learning for their children, this paper will look at research conducted by Sui-Chu and Willms in 1996 to check how parents supported their children school progress. Chu and Willms got their data from â€Å"the US National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS) based on a sample of around 24600 8th grade students in a stratified sample drawn from 1500 schools, with the evidence being collected from student and parent questionnaires and was gauged using standardized attainment tests in mathematics and reading† (Sui-Chu and Willms, 1996). The table below shows the items contained in the questionnaire. Talk with mother How often have you talked [to your mother or female guardian] about planning your high school program? (0 = not at all, 1 = once or twice, 2 = three or more times) Talk with father How often have you talked to [your father or male guardian] about planning your high school program? (0 = not at all, 1 = once or twice, 2 = three or more times) Discuss school Programme Since the beginning of the school year, how often have you discussed the †¦. selecting courses or programs at school. (0 = not at all, 1 = once or twice, 2 = three or more times) Discuss Activities †¦ school activities or events of particular interest to you (0 = not at all, 1 = once or twice, 2 = three or more times) Monitor Homework How often do your parents or guardians check on whether you have done your homework? (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = often) Limit TV Time †¦ limit the amount of time you can spend watching TV? (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = often) Limit Going Out †¦ limit the amount of time for going out with friends on school nights? (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = often) Home after School (is your mother or father) †¦ at home when you return home from school? (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually) School Contacts Parents Since your eighth grader’s school opened last fall, how many times have you been contacted by the school about †¦. your eighth grader’s (a) academic performance, (b) academic program for this year, (c) course selection for high school, (d) placement decisions †¦., and (e) behaviour in school? (0 = none, 1 = once or twice, 2 = three or four times, 3 = more than four times) Volunteer at School Do you or your spouse or partner †¦ act as a volunteer at the school (0 = no, 1 = yes) PTO †¦ (a) belong to PTO, (b) attend meetings of a PTO, and (c) take part in the activities of a PTO? (0 = no, 1 = yes) Source: Sui-Chu and Willms psd202.org/kennedy/teams/pie/8th_grade.pdf Reponses to the questionnaire items were scored and the scores analyzed to look for major patterns. A principal component analysis with varimax rotation identified four factors with Eigen values greater than 1. Four main factors were assessed to describe most parental involvement activity: two types of home involvement (home discussion of school activities and home supervision) and two types of school involvement (school communication and school participation).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the data was analyzed to check the relationship between forms of parental involvement and social class of the families. For analysis, multilevel regression analysis fit for hierarchical linear model (HLM) was used, as shown in the following section. Findings According to Sui-Chu and Willms (1996), the following results emerged from the study. First, there was a variance of â€Å"55 percent in the set of 12 variables†; intra-school involvement, rather than inter-school involvement was found to account for 90 % of the total variation, however, â€Å"the distribution was relatively uniform across the schools†; and lastly, the level of parental involvement was directly proportional to the level of social class exhibited. Source: psd202.org/kennedy/teams/pie/8th_grade.pdf Discussion The results indicated that, levels of communication and levels of parental involvement in the home were relatively uniform across all schools, thus it was not possible to identify r eliably, schools that were particularly effective or ineffective in culturing higher levels of parental involvement. Most researchers argue that successful schools use practices that foster greater communication with parents, encourage parents to assist children at home with their schoolwork and planning, and take parents to act as volunteers or participants in school governance; all aimed at high level schooling outcomes (Sui-Chu and Willms, 1996, P.137). These results therefore imply that these schools are more of ideal examples but they are very limited. The home-school communication collaboration may be hindered by parent cooperation, â€Å"with many parents facing competing demands of work and family life, come from different cultural backgrounds, and feel mistrust and anxiety when dealing with school staff; while many teachers face competing demands at school and at home, are not trained on how to handle parents, and may experience hard times when relating with culturally dif ferent families† (Moles, 1982, P.45). Due to different priorities and perspectives of families and schools, concerns for one’s own child compared with responsibility for group progress, mostly generate conflict over means of attaining common goals (Lightfoot, 1978). Though social class seems to affect parental involvement, the overall measure of family background explained only about 10 percent of the variations in parental involvement across the four types of involvement; thus, these results do not support the notion that poor or uneducated families are not well involved in schooling of their children. According to study carried out by Vellymalay (2010) to investigate â€Å"the relationship between parent’s level of education and parental involvement in their children’s among the National Medium Tamil Schools in Malaysia,† there were no significant differences found between parent’s education and level of parental involvement; the study foun d very small evidence linking parents’ with more education to high involvement. However, these results may not agree with some studies such as the ones carried to determine whether environment can increase IQ scores. The study examined the IQs of African American children from impoverished environments who were adopted into middle class families (some white and some African American), with all of the families providing many social-educational opportunities for the adopted children. Researchers found that the IQs of the adopted children were as much as 10 points higher than IQs of African Americans raised in disadvantaged homes (Plotnik, Kouyoumdjian, 2010, P.293). Conclusion In addressing the question of what are the impacts of parental involvement on the educational progress of the children, these results have clearly indicated that children’s academic achievement and the level to which the parents are involved in schools also depend on the intake characteristics of schools. These results show that children scored much higher in mathematics and reading, when they attended schools with more social educational system (SES) and parental involvements. The research has also pointed out clearly that volunteering in participation has a double effect of improving the quality education and minimizing inequalities between social-class groups. Therefore, it is up to school parents to create and forges ahead with meaningful parental involvement programs for the benefits of the students. Reference List Bronfenbrenner, U., 1974. Is Early Intervention Effective? A Report on Longitudinal Evaluation of Preschool Programs. Washington, DC: Department Of Health Education and Welfare. Desforges, C., Abouchaar, A., 2003. The Impact of Parental Involvement, Parental Support and Family Education on Pupil Achievement and Adjustment: A Literature Review. UK Department for Education and Skills. Research Report RR433. Web. Available from: bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/files_uploa ded/uploaded_resources/18617/Desforges.pdf . Educationalliance. 2010. Challenges regarding parental involvement research. Charleston: The Education Alliance. Web. Available from: educationalliance.org/Research/ResearchParentalInvolvement.asp . Gallup, G.H., 1978. The 10th Annual Gallup Poll of the Public’s Attitudes toward the Public Schools. Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 60, Pp 33-45. Moles, O.C., 1982. Synthesis of Recent Research on Parent Participation in Children’s Education. Resource Information Service. Nieto, S., 1996. Positive Perspectives on Parents and Families. Web. Available from: alliance.brown.edu/tdl/tl-strategies/crt-principles.shtml . Plotnik, R., Kouyoumdjian, H., 2010. Introduction to Psychology. OH: Cengage Learning. Sui-Chu, E.H., and Willms, J.D., 1996. Effects of Parental Involvement on Eighth-Grade Achievement. Sociology of Education, Vol 69, No.2, Pp 126-141. Web. Available from: psd202.org/kennedy/teams/pie/8th_grade.pdf . UK Department for Educati on and Skills. 2003. The Impact of Parental Involvement on Children’s Education. Web. Available from: northlincs.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/5C39FCD7-8075-40FD-9A08-06614F4FEB1D/14909/TheImpactofParentalInvolvementon365kb2.pdf . Vellymalay, S.K.N., 2010. Parental Involvement in Children’s Education: Does Parents’ Education Level Really Matters? School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, Volume 16, Issue 3. Williams, D.L., 1981. Final Interim Report Southwest Parent Educational Resource Center. Austin, Texas: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Global Warming - Essay Example If the inactions of the past several decades is an indication, then the answer is no. Essentially, the greenhouse effect functions in the following manner. When sunlight pierces the atmosphere and hits the earth’s surface, not all of the sun’s solar energy is absorbed. Approximately a third of it is reflected back into space. Specific atmospheric gases serve in much the same way as does the glass of a greenhouse, thus the terminology. These gases allow sunlight to penetrate then trap some of the solar energy which heats the earth (Breuer, 1980). It is a delicate balance and because these greenhouse gases have been artificially augmented by man-made sources, more build up in the atmosphere has occurred thus trapping more of the sun’s energy and reflecting less back in to space. This occurrence is causing the earth to warm. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent of the greenhouse gases. Trees absorb CO2 and when they die, CO2 is restored to the atmosphere. The clearing of forests by mass burning, which is happening at a phenomenal rate in the tropical rain forests, is decreasing the amount of CO2 that is absorbed and increasing the amount that is added to the atmosphere. CO2 supplies about half of the total gases that create the greenhouse effect (Breuer, 1980). Although deforestation is contributing heavily to the excess of CO2 in the atmosphere, a larger portion is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal. Fossil fuels are burned by factories, vehicles and electricity-producing power plants to name a few sources. Other greenhouse gases include methane, which is released when vegetation is burned during land clearing, during oil exploration activities and the coal-mining process; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which is the substance that cools refrigerators and provides the propulsi on in aerosol cans and nitrous oxide (N2O) which is the lesser cause of CO2 (Breuer, 1980). It is generated from both

Final Project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final - Statistics Project Example The interest of the study is to test if there is any significance difference between the energy intake before and after the exercise session. The most appropriate test for this study is the paired sample t-test. The test determines if there is significant difference between average values of measurements taken from a sampling unit under two different conditions (Park, 2009). The test is based on the paired difference between the two measurements. This is a two tailed test where both variables are dependent variables, i.e. pre and post-test variables. The power and post hoc testing for this study will be Bonferroni and Turkey’s test. Bonferoni is the simplest post hoc test because of its flexibility and ability to be used as correction test (Pavlidis, n.d). Bonferroni calculates the new pairwise alpha to be compared with the initial alpha . Bonferroni alpha is calculated as Pretessting and posttessting data both seem to be normally distributed. The conclusion is supported by Shapiro wilk test for normality. This test was chosen since it works best for a smaller samples size of less than 50. The results were as follows; From Shapiro wilk test, both pretesting and posttesting data was normally distributed. The significance values 0.803 and 0.712 are both greater than alpha 0.05. This test confirms that the data is appropriate for a paired t-test. In this study, there were 20 people whose energy intake was examined before and after going to the gym. The average energy intake before the exercise sessions was 6650.7 with a standard deviation of 1495.704 while the energy intake after the session was 5304 with a standard deviation of 1518.826. The last column gives the standard error of the mean for each of the test. This output also shows that there were 20 pairs of observation in the study. The correlation between variables in given in column three i.e . The fourth column shows the p value for the correlation coefficient. With an

The Importance Of Data Collection

The Importance Of Data Collection In this chapter, data collection will be carrying out to meet its aim and objectives. Data collection is a way to describe a process of preparing and collection data. Furthermore data collection can defined as an important aspect of any type of research study. Any inaccurate data collection may lead to invalid result and affect result of study. In other word, this chapter will review method applies in data collection that determine the level of knowledge of the all site workers awareness to hazardous work and safety and health training. A research study can gain information with two sources which are primary sources and secondary sources. The information that obtains by internet, book, journals and magazines are secondary sources. However interview and questionnaire are classify as primary sources which these two method can obtains information and get a real picture of the study. There are three methods can be carried out to collect data. These three methods can define as case study, interview and questionnaire. In this chapter, researcher decides to use interview to collect data. To make the research more clearly and fully interpreted for achieving three objectives. Researcher will discuss rationale of the research interview and revise the statement of the research aim. In this chapter, researcher will be explaining the way of conducting the interview questionnaire. However, rationale of the questionnaire design will be included in this research which to enable interviewees understand the questions that stated in questionnaire. Last parts of this chapter will be determining the method of analysis that selected to evaluate and analysis the data. 3.1 Data Collection Technique After review to method of data collection, the method to be use in collecting data is qualitative data collection method. The reason of select qualitative data collection method; it is because qualitative data collection method is more suitable in this research study. 3.2 Interview Interview can defined as a conversation between two or more people, purpose of interviewer questioning is to obtain information from the interviewee. Beside that, interview can be flexible or inflexible which it is depending on the freedom of formulate the questions and issue being investigated. According to Dr S. G. Naoum, the interview can be classified in two forms which are structure interview and unstructured interview as Fig 3.1 Flexible interview structure Flexible interview contents Flexibility in interview questions Rigid interview structure Rigid interview contents Rigidity in interview questions and their wording 3.2.1 Advantages of Interview Interview is more applicable and useful for a complex situations compare to the other method. If interviewee encountered difficulty in answering questions or unable to understand the questions, the interviewer can direct clarify doubt to interviewee and ensure the interviewee is properly understood. In this case interview can obtain a higher understanding. Furthermore, interview will help in collecting depth data and information. The researcher can gain more detailed and accurate data through probe deep in interview situation. Face to face interview can produce a higher response rate which interviewee provides the answer through communication as interviewee may not require reading and writing the answer. Beside that, interviewing has a wider application, especially suitable for those who are week and lacks reading skills. 3.2.2Disadvantages of Interview Interview is more time-consuming and expensive compare to other method of research. Interview will spend a lot of time and may not be cost efficient if particular of research have number of tasks to study. On the other hand, the quality of data is depending on the ability of the interviewer. Quality of data collected might affected by experience and skill of communication of the interviewer. Interviewee may provide inaccurate information if interviewer being faulty in ambiguous questions to interviewee. Furthermore the other disadvantage is interviewer bias in leading. Leading is the way that interviewer guide the interviewee in answering the questions. Verbally may affect the leading by the actual word used, other than that non-verbally which is body language might effected the leading during the interview. Any faulty of leading will cause inaccurate data collected. In additional, quality of interaction might affect the quality of data collected. The interaction between interviewer and interviewee might vary from different interview, in the result the quality of data collected may dramatically lower and lack of credibility. 3.3 Statement of Research Aim In this research will carried out based on one aim and three objectives. To make the research more credibility, one aim and three objectives will apply in design of the interview and conduct the questionnaire. The aim of this study is to determine roles of safety officer to implement safety training programs, in order to create a safe workplace. In achieving this aim, there objectives stated as following: To highlight the hazard and accidents that most commonly found at construction sites, To identify the scopes and characteristics of safety officer to create a safe workplace To determine effectiveness safety training programs for site workers in Malaysia construction sites. These three objectives are generated, after the researcher critically reviews the book, articles and journal. Three objectives might apply in interview through face to face interview to local construction site personnel. 3.4 Rationale of Questionnaire Design This dissertation title is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Safety Plan in Construction Site: Safety Officer Perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Safety and Health Officer is playing a very important in create a safe workplace. The accident occurs in construction site are usually affect the objective of the project. Questionnaire design may touch on background and organization of interviewee. Questionnaire will identify causes and effect of accident occurs in construction site. The interviewees are request to elaborate the hazard and risk in construction site which to achieve the first objective set out by researcher. Furthermore, roles of Safety and Health Officer will be included in the questionnaire, it is to understand task and job done by Safety and Health Officer which related to the second objective of this dissertation. Other than that, questionnaire might investigate the process of hazard assessment. The third objective will achieved that the questionnaire will determine the training element which ca rry out by Safety and Health Officer. The interviewee is requiring to explain the contents of the safety training. 3.5 Research Sample The interviewees were selected based on certain characteristics required to meet the research objective. In this chapter, the site personnel with experience in safety and health issue and training will be selected. In this case, with experience and knowledge of the interviewee, the data collected from them will become more credibility and accurate. Furthermore, project manager, site supervisor and safety and health officer will be the target population for this study. This survey target on different construction position level of interviewees, it is because every position of work may have their own opinion and knowledge in safety and health issues. The sampling area will focus in peninsular Malaysia and Sabah construction sites. It is more easier to gather the accurate information and answer. 3.6 Method of Analysis In this element, the analysis will do based on data that collected from the interviewees. The method of analysis used is trend approach that require to analysis the interactions provided by interviewees. In the analysis part, researcher will describe the out come of interview with ten site personnel in a conversation from. Every question will provided with three answers that collected from the selected interviewees. In the other hand a discussion will be included to analyze and compare the information obtained from the interviewees. 3.7 Reason of choose interview In this research, interview will carry out to gather data and information. By using this matter, data collected from interviewees will more accurate compare to other matter. If used questionnaire method, the respondents may simply answer the questions, due to respondent might not understand the questions asked. But used interview method, if interviewees not understand the questions asked, the interviewer can explain to them. In the other hand, if interviewees understand the questions asked, the answer provided by them will become credibility. 3.7 Potential Problem and Contingency plan Quality of data collected The problem might encountered during the interview are the quality of information and data that collected from the different interviewees. All interviewees are from different background, furthermore they have different experience and opinion in safety and health issues, so the data that obtained by them may vary. To over come this problem, interviewer might select the interviewees who have number of years experience in construction firm. Beside that, interviewer may interview the site personnel who currently on position project manager or site supervisor or safety and health officer. Low respond rate During the interview, the interviewer may encountered hard to make appointment with the interviewees, because not many people are willing to interview. In interviewees opinion, interview are not part of job for them, the interviewees might think spend time to accept interview and answer the questionnaire is wasting time. Therefore, the interviewer have responsibility to minimize the problem that ensure have enough people to accept interview. The method can be use to solve this problem is interviewer should list out the company to be interview. Companies selected for this interview should more than 20 companies to avoid some of the people refuse to accept interview. 3.8 Rationale of Questions The below questions were designed based on Objective 1. Question 1: Do you think apply Personal Protective Equipment can reduce the number of accident? Why? This question is to identify use of the PPE and purposes apply PPE when site workers carried out the hazardous work in construction site. Interviewees require to explain how their apply PPE when carried out the hazardous works. Question 2: In your opinion, what are the causes of accident happened in construction site? This question attempts to find out the factors and causes of accidents happened in construction site. Question 3: In point of view, what are the effects of accident occurs in the site? Please elaborate. This question attempts to request the interviewees to mentioned the effect that generated by accidents occur on site. Question 4: How does the first-aid unit locate in construction site? This question attempts to determine how interviewees locate the first-aid unit in their construction site. The below questions were designed based on Objective 2 Question 5: In practical standard, what are the roles of a Safety and Health Officer? This question attempts to identify the tasks and works should carry out by a Safety and Health Officer. Furthermore interviewees are requiring to elaborate what are the scopes of work of a Safety and Health. Question 6: Who is responsible for risk assessment and hazard control? This question attempts to find out who is responsible for risk assessment and hazard control. Question 7: What are the procedures for risk assessments? This question attempts to determine process of risk assessment to be carried out before and during the life of project. The below questions were designed based on Objective 3. Question 8: Who is responsible for safety and health training? This question attempts to find out who responsible for safety and health training. Question 9 Based on your experience, what are the elements needed to cover during the safety and health training? This question attempts to determine the contains of safety and health training. Beside that, interviewees have to explain what to be trained during the safety and health training. Question 10: In your organization, did the site personnel receive the refresher Safety and Health training? If yes, please explain how frequent the training held and how long of the training period. This question attempts to find out does every construction company have provide refresher Safety and Health training to their workers.